不同施氮量下覆膜滴灌玉米相对根长密度模型研究

为探明施氮量对宁夏引黄灌区覆膜滴灌玉米根长密度(RLD)的影响,设置5个施氮水平和1个对照(CK,不施氮与不覆膜)进行试验,测定玉米RLD,建立不同施氮量下相对根长密度(NRLD)模型,并加以检验。结果表明:不同施氮处理的玉米RLD分布区域均随土层深度的增加而减小,且大部分集中在0～20 cm土层;随着施氮量的增加,RLD分布区域明显扩大; NRLD分布满足三阶多项式函数模型,模拟曲线的决定系数R2为0.951,模型检验结果R2为0.845,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.248,拟合效果好,但该多项式模型不能保证NRLD在相对取样深度Zr为1时达到0,故对玉米NRLD分布多项式模型进行优化。优化模型验证结果显示,各施氮处理RMSE不大于0.308,CK、N0、N1、N2、N3和N4处理的标准化均方根误差分别为0.242、0.193、0.184、0.226、0.208和0.273,R2分别为0.903、0.953、0.920、0.944、0.962和0.898,具有较高的拟合度,解决了NRLD在Zr=1时达到0的问题。本研究可为宁夏引黄灌区膜下滴灌玉米NRLD分布拟合、根系养分吸收和施肥管理提供理论参考。     

Source of mycorrhizal inoculum influences growth of Faidherbia albida seedlings

Poor land use management and practice inhibit the growth and establishment of tree seedlings in dryland areas.We assessed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AM)status of Faidherbia albida(Del.)A.Chev.trees grown on different land uses.We quantified the growth and nutrient uptake of F.albida seedlings inoculated with AM from different sources.These efforts were based on soil and fine root samples from the rhizosphere soils of F.albida trees.AM root colonization was determined using the gridline intersect method.Spores were extracted by the wet sieving and decanting method and identified to genus level.The seedling experiment had a completely randomized onefactorial design with four treatments and five replications.Faidherbida albida seedlings were grown in a greenhouse.All in situ F.albida trees were colonized by AM fungi.AM root colonization of F.albida trees was significantly higher(P<0.0086)in area exclosures than on lands used for grazing or cultivation.Spore abundance was significantly higher(P<0.0014)in area exclosures followed by cultivated land and grazing land.Glomus was the dominant genus in all land-uses.AM-inoculated F.albida seedlings grew better(P<0.05)than non-inoculated controls.Seedlings inoculated with AM from area exclosure had significantly(P<0.05)higher growth and nutrient uptake than those inoculated with AM from grazing and cultivated land.This emphasizes the importance of the native soil AM potential for better establishment of seedlings to achieve optimum plant growth improvement and assist in rehabilitation of degraded arid lands.     

氟节胺抑制枇杷嫁接成苗砧木萌蘖相关机理初探

为寻找更长效、无害的化学控蘖剂以减轻田间管理劳动强度,以枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)嫁接成苗为材料,喷施有效成分浓度为0.050%,0.071%和0.125%的氟节胺,于不同时期取样观察控蘖效果,并尝试探究相关机理。结果表明,氟节胺减少了叶片单位面积光能的吸收量、抑制了光化学转换,但叶片的热耗散量并无明显变化。进一步测定植株氧化还原状态发现,氟节胺能够快速促进细胞内超氧阴离子(O₂^.-)积累并延缓或抑制H₂O₂的转化,从而诱发氧化胁迫。由此可见,氟节胺可能通过抑制叶片光化学转换和热耗散来破坏新生萌蘖的光合性能,进而抑制其萌发生长,而成熟叶片则通过提升自身抗氧化系统活性耐受氟节胺造成的轻度胁迫。在本试验中,各浓度的氟节胺对控制砧木萌蘖有不同程度的效果,其中浓度为0.125%的氟节胺控蘖效果相对最佳,且基本不会对砧木和嫁接成苗造成持续伤害,其作为化学控蘖剂有一定的应用潜力。     

草地贪夜蛾与玉米灌浆期3种常见夜蛾科害虫的形态特征比较

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是全球预警的一种重大迁飞性农业害虫。2019年1月入侵我国,目前已扩散蔓延至我国24个省份。田间调查发现,在玉米灌浆期,草地贪夜蛾与黏虫Mythimna separata(Walker)、劳氏黏虫Leucania loreyi(Duponchel)和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)等夜蛾科害虫常常混合发生,且形态相近,容易混淆,给调查和测报工作带来很大困难。本文详细描述了草地贪夜蛾卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的外部形态特征,比较了其与黏虫、劳氏黏虫和棉铃虫4个虫态在形态特征上的差别,以期为玉米灌浆期草地贪夜蛾的准确鉴别和田间调查提供依据,并为其精准测报奠定基础。     

Compatibility of root growth and tuber production of potato cultivars with dynamic and static water‐saving irrigation managements

The important root characteristics of root length density (RLD) and root mass density (RMD) generally differ among irrigation managements and potato cultivars. The objective of this study was to investigate the RLD and RMD variations and their functional relationships with gross potato tuber yield for two commercial potato cultivars, Agria and Sante, under different irrigation strategies. Full irrigation and water‐saving irrigation strategies, deficit and partial root drying irrigations, were applied statically (S) and dynamically (D) based on daily crop evapotranspiration. Results showed that SPRD had significantly greater RLD (3.64 cm/cm³) and RMD (132.7 μg/cm³) than other irrigation treatments. Between the potato cultivars, Agria had significantly larger values of RLD (3.50 cm/cm³) and RMD (138.7 μg/cm³) than Sante. The functional relationship between the root growth characteristics and tuber yield showed that under water‐saving irrigations, Agria increased root mass at the expense of gross tuber yield but Sante increased root mass to maintain larger gross tuber yields. However, Agria produced more roots and gross tuber yield than Sante, and it is concluded that Agria is a more drought‐tolerant potato cultivar, which is recommended for tuber production in regions where water might be scarce. It was shown that larger root production in potatoes was associated with improved tolerance to water stress.     

剑麻种质资源表型多样性分析与倍性鉴定

利用常规方法结合流式细胞仪对25份剑麻种质资源叶色、叶缘刺有无、叶缘刺类型、叶顶刺类型、叶长、叶宽、叶长/宽比、叶基厚度、顶刺长、顶刺基部宽等10个农艺性状以及倍性进行了分析和鉴定,结果表明:同一种质资源内叶长、叶宽、叶长/宽比、叶基厚度、顶刺基部宽和顶刺长等变异系数分别在0.9%~13.33%、1.69%~9.13%、1.77%~7.61%、3.99%~11.62%、7.82%~14.31%、9.08%~14.84%之间,不同种质资源间变异系数分别为21.60%、13.95%、15.9%、21.48%、36.59%和30.77%。同一种质资源内叶长、叶宽、叶长/宽比、叶基厚度、顶刺基部宽和顶刺长差异不明显,不同种质资源间存在极显著差异(α=0.05)。基于10个表型性状将25份剑麻种质资源聚为3类,第一类主要包括番麻、广西76416、南亚1号、东368、蓝剑麻、普通剑麻、粤西75等7份种质;第二类主要包括桂辐4号、H.11648、东74、东27、东26和东16等6份种质;第三类主要包括东18、东2、肯3等12份种质。多变量的主成分分析显示4个主成分的特征值总和为5.84,累计贡献率达97.29%。流式细胞仪分析表明,25份剑麻种质资源中,H.11648、东2等14份种质为二倍体,东16和广西76416两份种质为三倍体,粤西75、粤西114等5份种质为四倍体,肯3和普通剑麻2份种质为五倍体,东74为六倍体,番麻为五倍体和六倍体的混倍体。以上结果为剑麻种质资源的鉴定评价提供理论依据。     

干湿交替灌溉对抗旱性不同水稻品种产量的影响及其生理原因分析

【目的】旨在阐明全生育期干湿交替灌溉对抗旱性不同水稻品种产量的影响。【方法】以抗旱性差异显著的4个水稻品种(籼稻扬稻6号和两优培九,粳稻旱优8号和镇稻88)为材料,以常规水层灌溉(CI)为对照,在盆栽条件下研究了轻干湿交替灌溉(WMD)和重干湿交替灌溉(WSD)对水稻产量、根系、叶片及籽粒部分生理特性的影响。【结果】与CI相比,WMD处理下抗旱性较强品种扬稻6号和旱优8号产量分别提高6.90%和7.45%,抗旱性较弱品种两优培九和镇稻88产量分别降低7.28%和8.10%。WSD处理下,4个水稻品种的产量均显著下降,抗旱性较弱的品种产量降幅远高于抗旱性较强的水稻品种。WMD处理下,扬稻6号和旱优8号复水后根系氧化力、根系与叶片细胞分裂素(玉米素+玉米素核苷)含量、叶片光合速率和籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶的活性均较CI有不同程度提高,而两优培九和镇稻88上述指标则与CI持平或有不同程度降低。WSD处理下,4个品种上述指标均较CI不同程度降低。【结论】轻干湿交替灌溉条件下,根系活性强、叶片细胞分裂素含量和光合速率高、籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性强是抗旱性较强水稻品种的基本生理特征。     

Drought responses of above‐ground and below‐ground characteristics in warm‐season turfgrass

Water shortages have become more chronic as periodic droughts prolong and water demand for urban and agricultural use increases. Plant drought responses involve coordinated mechanisms in both above‐ and below‐ground systems, yet most studies lack comparisons of root and canopy responses under water scarcity and recovery. This is particularly true of research focused on warm‐season turfgrasses in sandy soils with extremely low water holding capacity. To address the lack of examination of coordinated stress and recovery responses, this study compared the above‐ and below‐ground plant responses during a dry‐down period of 21 days and recovery among four warm‐season turfgrass species in the field. Canopy drought responses and recovery were quantified using digital image analysis. In situ root images were captured using a minirhizotron camera system. Common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] endured the entire drought period without losing 50% green cover while other species lost 50% green cover in 11–34 days predicted from the regression. The interspecific differences in drought resistance were mainly due to root characteristics. Other drought mechanisms appear to be responsible for differences identified in drought resistance between “Zeon” and “Taccoa Green” manilagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.]. Recovery was delayed for up to 2 weeks in the second year, warranting further evaluation for turfgrass persistence under long‐term drought. Three‐week drought posed no threat to the survival of zoysiagrass. Species and genotypic variations were found in achieving full post‐recovery, which can be used to develop water conservation strategies and to adjust consumer expectations.     

覆盖栽培模式对冬小麦花后旗叶 光合特性及产量的影响

为探究旱地小麦秸秆带状覆盖栽培增产的光合特性和干物质积累转运的特征，在甘肃省半干旱雨养农业区以“陇中2号”为材料，研究了秸秆带状覆盖栽培（BS）、地膜覆盖栽培 （PF）和无覆盖露地栽培（CK）3种栽培模式下冬小麦花后旗叶光合特征、叶绿素荧光动力参数、干物质积累转运及产量的差异。结果表明：与CK相比，BS和PF显著提高了花后旗叶光合势、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量及叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比率，且BS在生育后期优于PF。BS整个生育期的净光合速率、气孔导度均高于CK，而PF仅生育前期发挥正效应，生育中、后期出现了负效应。BS生育前中期胞间CO₂浓度、生育中后期旗叶瞬时水分利用效率均高于PF和CK，前者分别高出2.8%~8.2%和6.7%~11.3%，后者分别高出30.3%~44.8%和27.5%~39.3%。PF在灌浆中期以前，BS在整个花后生育期显著提高了小麦花后旗叶F_v/F_m、F′_v/F′_m、ΦPSⅡ、qP、ETR，降低了NPQ。BS较PF和CK显著提高了花后干物质输入籽粒量和对籽粒粒重的贡献率，2个指标分别增加2.6%、1.0%和14.2%、8.6%。BS显著增加了单位面积穗数，提高了产量，较CK增产35.4%。说明秸秆带状覆盖能显著改善旱地冬小麦花后光合效率，促进干物质积累转运，从而达到增产的效果。